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§ª§ß§ä§Ö§ß§ã§Ú§Ó§ß§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ
§¡§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ü§â§å§Ô§Ý§à§Ô§à§Õ§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §Ü§å§â§ã§í §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à (ESL). §°§Ò§ë§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ ESL §ã§à§ã§ä§à§Ú§ä §Ú§Ù §é§Ö§ä§í§â§Ö§ç §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö§Û, §à§ä §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Õ§à §á§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§ß§å§ä§à§Ô§à, §Ú §à§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§ã§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó§í§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§í§Ü§Ú §é§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ/§á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ß§à§Û §â§Ö§é§Ú/§Ñ§å§Õ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §ß§Ñ§â§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§ã§Ñ, §Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §®§í §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §á§à §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§Ú§ß§à §Ú §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§Ú. §µ§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§å§Û§ä§Ö §Ó §Ö§Ø§Ö§Þ§Ö§ã§ñ§é§ß§í§ç §ï§Ü§ã§Ü§å§â§ã§Ú§ñ§ç §Ú §á§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§í§ç §á§à§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ü§Ñ§ç.
§³§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§ß§í§Þ §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§à§Þ §Ó §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Þ§å §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§å §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§å§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§å (CLT). §£§ã§Ö §ß§Ñ§ê§Ú §Ü§å§â§ã§í §á§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§í §á§à §ï§ä§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Þ §Ù§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ú. §©§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ø§Ú§Ó§í§Ö, §Ó§Ö§ã§Ö§Ý§í§Ö §Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö. §®§í §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ú§Þ §Ù§Ñ §ä§Ö§Þ, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §ß§Ñ§ê§Ú §Ù§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §Ñ§å§ä§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§é§ß§å§ð §â§Ö§é§î, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ§å§é§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§ß§à §Ú §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §à§Ò§ë§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ.
§£§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í
§©§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ§ç §Ú §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§ñ§ç §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Þ§å §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Þ§å §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§å, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§í §Ü§å§â§ã§Ñ:
• §±§â§à§Ú§Ù§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö/§å§Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ñ§Ü§è§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ
• §¤§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ/§á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§à
• §¤§à§Ó§à§â§Ú§ä§î/§ã§Ý§å§ê§Ñ§ä§î
• §¹§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö/§á§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§ã§Ñ
• §ª§Õ§Ú§à§Þ§í/§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§Ý§Ö§ß§Ô
• §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§Ñ
• §ª§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §æ§Ú§Ý§î§Þ§à§Ó
• §ª§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§å§ð §Þ§å§Ù§í§Ü§å
§³§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§ß§í§Ö §Ü§å§â§ã§í: «§°§ã§ß§à§Ó§í ESL»
§°§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§å§â§ã§Ñ
§ª§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §ã§Þ§Ö§ê§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ü§å§â§ã §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §å§Ø§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§Û §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î §Ñ§å§Õ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ß§à§Û §â§Ö§é§Ú, §é§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ñ. §¸§Ö§Ý§î§ð §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Ü§å§â§ã§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Þ§ã§ñ §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§ã§Ñ §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Ñ§å§Õ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ß§à§Û §â§Ö§é§Ú, §é§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ñ.
§°§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§å§â§ã§Ñ
§ª§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §ã§Þ§Ö§ê§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ü§å§â§ã §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §å§Ø§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§í§Û §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î §Ñ§å§Õ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ß§à§Û §â§Ö§é§Ú, §é§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ñ. §¸§Ö§Ý§î§ð §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Ü§å§â§ã§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Þ§ã§ñ §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§ã§Ñ §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Ñ§å§Õ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §â§Ñ§Ù§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ß§à§Û §â§Ö§é§Ú, §é§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ñ.
§°§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§å§â§ã§Ñ
§ª§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §ã§Þ§Ö§ê§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ü§å§â§ã §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §ß§Ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö. §°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Ö §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §å§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§é§Ö §ß§à§Ó§à§Û §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §µ§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ð§ä §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §å§ã§ä§ß§à§Û §Ú §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §â§Ö§é§Ú. §±§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ó §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ §Ó §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ö §Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ú§Õ§Ú§à§Þ, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ó §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö. §°§Ò§ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù §ä§Ö§Þ §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§í §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§ñ§Ö§ä §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú§ã§ñ §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ.
§°§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§å§â§ã§Ñ
§±§â§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§ß§å§ä§í§Û §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §ã§Þ§Ö§ê§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ü§å§â§ã §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü. §¡§Ü§è§Ö§ß§ä §ß§Ñ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§é§Ö §Ñ§Ò§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú§Õ§Ö§Û, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§à§Û §ß§à§Ó§à§Û §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §å§ã§ä§ß§à§Û §Ú §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §â§Ö§é§Ú. §²§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§ã§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§Õ§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ü§â§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §å§é§Ñ§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ. §°§Ò§Ù§à§â §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§à§Ü§à§Ö §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â.
§³§ä§à§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ
§±§à§Ø§Ñ§Ý§å§Û§ã§ä§Ñ, §ß§Ñ§Ø§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö §©§¥§¦§³§¾ §á§à §ß§Ñ§ê§Ú§Þ §ä§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ú§Þ §â§Ñ§ã§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ§Þ.
§²§Ñ§ã§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§å§â§ã§à§Ó
* §£§ã§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§í. §±§à§Ø§Ñ§Ý§å§Û§ã§ä§Ñ, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ø§Ú§ä§Ö§ã§î §ã §ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ö§Ô§à §â§Ñ§ã§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ.
